His writing built on the pithy style of his predecessors by adding psychological depth and insights into the motivations of his characters. Macdonald is the primary heir to Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler as the master of American hardboiled mysteries. Macdonald died of Alzheimer's disease in Santa Barbara, California. The very successful Lew Archer series, including bestsellers The Goodbye Look, The Underground Man, and Sleeping Beauty, concluded with The Blue Hammer in 1976. In the early 1950s, he returned to California, settling for some thirty years in Santa Barbara, the area where most of his books were set. This novel (the first in a series of eighteen) would become the basis for the 1966 Paul Newman film Harper. A full-length novel, The Moving Target, followed in 1949. Macdonald first introduced the tough but humane private eye in the 1946 short story Find the Woman. Macdonald's popular detective Lew Archer derives his name from Sam Spade's partner, Miles Archer, and from Lew Wallace, author of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. After serving at sea as a naval communications officer from 1944 to 1946, he returned to Michigan, where he obtained his Ph.D. He then changed briefly to John Ross Macdonald before settling on Ross Macdonald, in order to avoid mixups with contemporary John D. At this time, he wrote under the name John Macdonald, in order to avoid confusion with his wife, who was achieving her own success writing as Margaret Millar. While doing graduate study, he completed his first novel, The Dark Tunnel, in 1944. Millar attended the University of Michigan, where he earned a Phi Beta Kappa key and a Ph.D. He began his career writing stories for pulp magazines. They had a daughter, Linda, who died in 1970. In Canada, he met and married Margaret Sturm ( Margaret Millar)in 1938. The prominence of broken homes and domestic problems in his fiction has its roots in his youth.
When his father abandoned his family unexpectedly, Macdonald lived with his mother and various relatives, moving several times by his sixteenth year. Millar was born in Los Gatos, California, and raised in his parents' native Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, where he started college. He is best known for his series of hardboiled novels set in southern California and featuring private detective Lew Archer. Ross Macdonald is the pseudonym of the American-Canadian writer of crime fiction Kenneth Millar.
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